Macronutrients & Micronutrients
This element makes up ~50% of a bacterial cell’s dry weight.
Carbon
A culture containing only one kind of microbe is called a
Pure culture
“Troph” means
"Eat” or “nourish”
The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is called
Metabolism
In a redox pair, the _______ is oxidized and the _______ is reduced.
Electron donor; Electron acceptor
Name two macronutrients involved in stabilizing ribosomes and cell walls.
Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca)
Define “complex media.”
Contains digests of undefined substances (yeast/meat extract)
Chemoorganotrophs obtain energy from what kind of molecules?
Organic molecules
A reaction with negative ΔG°′ is
Exergonic
The redox tower arranges substances by their _______ potential.
Reduction potential (E₀′)
Which micronutrient is a key component of cytochromes and FeS proteins?
Iron (Fe)
Which media type contains compounds that inhibit some microbes but not others?
Selective media
Chemolithotrophs use what as an energy source?
Inorganic molecules (ex: H₂, NH₃, Fe²⁺)
What is the energy required to bring molecules into a reactive state?
Activation energy
NAD⁺/NADH transport both _______ and _______.
Electrons; Protons
What’s the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?
Macro = large amounts, Micro = trace amounts
Which type of media contains an indicator dye to reveal biochemical reactions?
Differential media
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs - what’s the carbon source difference?
Autotrophs use CO₂; Heterotrophs use organic carbon
What are prosthetic groups and coenzymes, and how do they differ?
Prosthetic = tightly bound; Coenzyme = loosely bound
What type of bond stores energy in ATP?
Phosphoanhydride bond
Vitamins often act as these small non-protein molecules that assist enzymes.
Coenzymes
Why are enriched media used?
To grow nutritionally demanding (fastidious) organisms
Phototrophs use what to generate energy?
Light
Which vitamin-derived molecule acts as a common electron carrier?
NAD⁺/NADH
What’s the difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation?
Substrate-level: direct ATP from intermediate; Oxidative: ATP via proton motive force