Emotions
What are emotions?
Interpretation of a physiological response.
Happiness (Where is it more common)
More central to many from Western cultures.
Romantic Love
Evolutionary adaptation to ensure that children had adequate resources and protection.
Universal.
Conventional
Following the rules, maintaining and facilitating social order.
Culture and Fairness (Principle of Need)
Resources are directed toward those who need them the most.
Two-Factor Theory of Emotions
How a stimulus causes a physiological response (increased heart rate) and how that response interprets the emotional reaction. Bear and race have same reactions.
Life Satisfaction (Individualistic view)
How many positive emotions we were experiencing?
Idea of Marriage (differences)
Based on romantic love is not universal.
Arranged marriages are common in many cultures.
Postconventional
Considering abstract universal ethical principles that emphasize individual rights.
Culture and Fairness (Equality)
Everyone gets the same.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Biological. Responses stem from an autonomic nervous system. Emotions are universal.
Life Satisfaction (Collectivist view)
How much we were respected for living up to cultural norms.
Arranged Marriages
More common in cultures with extended family systems.
Some have argued that social pressures from an extended family system keep a relationship together.
Ethic of Autonomy
Morality is that which protects justice and individual rights.
Concerned whether one was harmed, denied rights, acted unfairly, tried to dominate someone else.
Culture and Fairness (Equity)
What you give is what you get.
Six Universal Emotions
happy, sad, surprise, anger, disgust, and fear.
Seventh potential emotion
Pride
Love Marriages
More common in cultures with nuclear family structures.
(Mom, Dad, Kids).
Absence of pressure, love serves as the glue that maintains a relationship.
Just as happy as love marriages (except for women in China/Japan.
Ethic of Community
Morality is tied to an individual's interpersonal obligations within social order.
Concerned with whether someone showed a lack of loyalty to their group.
Individualistic System -->
Meritocracies (Merit Based) --> Motivation to work hard breeds competition.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Proposes that we use our facial expressions to infer our emotional state.
(We think we are experiencing the corresponding emotion)
Facial Universality
Facial expressions are often reflexive. (Adults make the same expressions as infants).
Preconventional
Calculation of what provides the best overall return.
Ethic of Divinity
Concerned about perceived "natural order" of things.
One is obligated to preserve the standards mandated by a transcendent authority.
- Usually belief in god has created a sacred world that must be preserved.
Collectivist System -->
Seniority systems --> Less motivation to work hard and more harmonious relations.